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African Americans and the Origins of Colonial Slavery

· A Collection of Primary Sources on Enslavement, the Atlantic Slave Trade, and Colonial American Slavery

"Death's Gwineter Lay His Cold Icy Hands on Me": Enslavement

1. A European slave trader, John Barbot, describes the African slave trade (1682)

2. A Muslim merchant, Ayubah Suleiman Diallo, recalls his capture and enslavement (1733) 3. Olaudah Equiano, an 11-year old Ibo from Nigeria remembers his kidnapping into slavery (1789)

4. Venture Smith relates the story of his kidnapping at the age of six (1798)

"God's A-Gwineter Trouble de Water": The Middle Passage

5. A European slave trader, James Bardot, Jr., describes a shipboard revolt by enslaved Africans (1700)

6. Olaudah Equiano describes the horrors of the Middle Passage (1789)

7. A doctor, Alexander Falconbridge, describes conditions on an English slaver (1788)

"Dere's No Hidin' Place Down Here": Arrival

8. Olaudah Equiano describes his arrival in the New World (1789)

9. An English physician, Alexander Falconbridge, describes the treatment of newly arrived slaves in the West Indies (1788)

· Africans in America: The Terrible Transformation
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/title.html
A companion site to the PBS television documentary “Africans in America,” which explores the history of the Atlantic slave trade and the origins of American slavery during the period 1450-1750. The Narrative describes the history of the period; the Resource Bank provides annotated images, documents, biographies, and commentaries by historians; and a Teacher's Guide helps instructors integrate the materials into their classroom.

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British Settlement during the Seventeenth Century

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· America as a Religious Refuge: The Seventeenth Century

http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01.html

This Library of Congress exhibit looks at the religious persecution in Europe that drove so many to the shores of British North America where these new settlers established colonies often centered on passionate religious convictions;

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New England Colonies

· Caleb Johnson’s Mayflower Web Pages
http://members.aol.com/calebj/mayflower.html
This site contains a history of the Mayflower, representations of the ship, documents related to the ship’s voyage, and information about the passengers’ wills. It also discusses such topics as the lives of women and girls in Plymouth, the “first” Thanksgiving, crime and punishment of crime in the colony, and the life of Tisquantum (Squanto).

· Plimoth-on-Web: Plimoth Plantation’s Web Page
http://www.plimoth.org

This site tells the story of Plymouth Colony from 1620 to 1692. 17th-century Wampanoag Clothing describes and illustrates the clothing worn by the Native Wampanoag in the 17th century. Pilgrim Clothing illustrates the clothing worn by the Pilgrims. Emigration of the Pilgrims tells the story of the Pilgrims, including life in England, their flight into and life in Holland and their emigration to the "New World." The Rising Generation: Children in Plymouth Colony explores childhood in 17th-century New England.

· Puritan and Predestination

http://www.nhc.rtp.nc.us:8080/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/puritan.htm

Historian Christine Leigh Heryman offers a concise history of the Puritians and what they believed.

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The Salem Witch Scare

· Witchcraft in Salem Village

http://www.nhc.rtp.nc.us:8080/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/salemwc.htm

This essay assesses a variety of perspectives on the single most intensively studied event in colonial North American history.

· Salem Witchcraft Hysteria
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/salem/
A multimedia introduction to events in Salem in 1692 created by the National Geographic.

· The Salem Witchcraft Trials
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/salem.htm
This site include transcripts of trial records and examinations of six accused witches; arrest warrant of two witches (image and text); petitions of two convicted witches awaiting execution; petitions for compensation, and a decision concerning compensation; and two letters of Gov. William Phips on the execution of justice in Salem.

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Chesapeake Colonies

· Colonial Williamsburg

http://www.history.org

The section Meet the People allows user learn about their struggles and triumphs of early Virginians. In Experience Colonial Life, users explore the trades, politics, and other aspects of 18th-century living. In See the Places, users learn about their history as they tour colonial Virginia. The Colonial Dateline highlights events from 1750-1783. A Historical Glossary identifies important terms, events, and individuals in colonial history. Also available is a biographical study of Captain John Smith that separates the man from myth.

· Jamestown Historic Briefs

http://www.nps.gov/colo/Jthanout/JTBriefs.html

Handouts for teachers, created by the National Park Service, deal with such subjects as John Smith, Pocahontas, comparing Jamestown and Plymouth, the role of women at Jamestown, work, and Bacon’s Rebellion.

· Jamestown Rediscovery
http://www.apva.org/

This site, created by the Association for the Preservation of Virginian Antiquities, provides a brief history of Jamestown, a list of early settlers, and a timeline of events leading up to the settlement of Jamestown.

· Library of Virginia Digital Library Program

http://www.lva.lib.va.us/dlp/

The Digital Library Program has digitized more than 2.2 million original documents, photographs, and maps, and produced more than 80 fully-searchable databases, indexes, and electronic finding aids.

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Middle Colonies

The Middle Colonies as the Birthplace of American Religious Pluralism
http://www.nhc.rtp.nc.us:8080/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/midcol.htm

Historian Patricia U. Bonomi examines the factors that contributed to religious tolerance in the Middle Colonies.

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EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

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· Divining America: Religion and the National Culture

http://www.nhc.rtp.nc.us:8080/tserve/siteguide.htm

The First Great Awakening explores the causes of this powerful surge of religious zeal; Religious Pluralism in the Middle Colonies examines the factors that contributed to religious tolerance in this region; The Church of England examines the history of this religious group in the colonies; Religion, Women, and the Family examines how religion shaped the way people related to their spouses and raised their children; and Religion and the American Revolution analyzes the role of religion in the coming of the Revolution.

· DoHistory

http://dohistory.org

This Website allows users to explore the process of piecing together the lives of ordinary people in the past. Focusing on the life of Martha Ballard, a midwife and healer, as revealed in her diary, the site teaches students to interpret fragments that survive from a period of history The site offers two in-depth, interactive examples of how to do history: Doing History: One Rape. Two Stories. and Martha and a Man-Midwife. It also provides material on: Genealogy, How to Use Primary Sources, Midwifery and Herbal Medicine, Teaching with this Web site, Diaries, Films about the Past.

· The Emergence of American Evangelicalism: The Great Awakening
http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel02.html

This Library of Congress exhibit challenges the view that religious zeal was declining during the eighteenth century.

· Stratford Hall

http://www.stratfordhall.org

This site contains succinct essays on Education for Boys and Girls, Music and Dance, Indentured Servants and Transported Convicts, Slavery, Medicine and Health, and Leisure Time and Games.

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COLONIAL AMERICAN REFERENCE RESOURCES

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· Colonial American Maps

http://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/colamer.html

An extensive collection of rare early American maps from the colonial period.

· Colonial Currency and Colonial Coins
http://www.coins.nd.edu/ColCurrency/ and http://www.coins.nd.edu/ColCoin/

This site, created by the Notre Dame University’s Special Collections, examines the value of money in the American colonies.

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THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

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· Africans in America: Revolution
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/title.html
A site, created by PBS Online to supplement the television documentary “Africans in America,” which explores the impact of the revolutionary era on the lives of African Americans. It examines the African American role in the war and the meaning of the Constitution for slavery. The Narrative describes the history of the period; the Resource Bank Contents, which provides annotated images, documents, biographies, and commentaries by historians; and a Teacher's Guide, to help instructors integrate the materials into their classroom.

· Colonial and Revolutionary War Songs

http://www.mcneilmusic.com/rev.html

This site offers lyrics and sound clips from songs of the Colonial and Revolutionary eras.

· Early Virginia Religious Petitions

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/repehtml/

presents images of 423 petitions submitted to the Virginia legislature between 1774 and 1802 from more than eighty counties and cities.

· Religion and the American Revolution
http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel03.html
This Library of Congress site illustrates the contribution of religious leaders and religious ideas to the coming of the War of independence.

· Spy Letters from the American Revolution

http://www.clements.umich.edu/spies/index.html

The Clement Library at the University of Michigan presents Letters, Stories, Methods, People, Routes, and a Timeline.

· Yorktown Historic Briefs

http://www.nps.gov/colo/Ythanout/ytbriefs.html

Handouts for teachers, created by the National Park Service, on the siege of Yorktown.

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American Revolution Reference Resources

· Eighteenth-Century Documents

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/18th.htm

An extensive collection of primary source documents dealing with the Revolutionary Era placed online by the Avalon Project of the Yale Law School.

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THE CONSTITUTION AND THE BILL OF RIGHTS

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·The American Constitution: A Documentary Record
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/constpap.htm
This site contains the documents that laid the foundation for the conceptions of rights included in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. It also contains notes from the Constitutional Convention, texts from the ratification debates, and state constitutions.

· The Constitution And The Amendments

http://www.law.emory.edu/FEDERAL/usconst.html

This searchable site, contains the U.S. Constitution, the Amendments, and Amendments never ratified, allows users to easily search by keywords.

· Documents from the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, 1774-1789

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/bdsds/bdsdhome.html

This Library of Congress site contains 274 documents relating to the work of Congress and the drafting and ratification of the Constitution.

· The Federalist Papers

http://www.law.emory.edu/FEDERAL/federalist/

An on-line version of the Federalist Papers, the essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison to rally support for the ratification of the Constitution.

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THE FOUNDERS

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Benjamin Franklin

· Benjamin Franklin

http://sln.fi.edu/TOC.franklin.html

Information on Franklin’s life, his family life, and his place in the history of science, created by the Franklin Institute.

· Benjamin Franklin: A Documentary History
http://www.english.udel.edu/lemay/franklin/
A documentary survey of the life of Benjamin Franklin, maintained by J.A. Leo Lemay, Professor of Colonial American Literature at University of Delaware. The site contains a year-by-year chronology of Franklin’s life, as well as a searchable database of Franklin’s collected writings.

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Alexander Hamilton

· The Rise and Fall of Alexander Hamilton
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/ham/hamilton.html
This site examines Hamilton’s background, his experience during the revolutionary war, his political battles, and changes in his image over time.

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Thomas Jefferson

· Getting the Word

http://www.monticello.org/gettingword/

Seven generations of oral histories of the descendants of Monticello’s slaves.

· Historical Text Archive: Thomas Jefferson

http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/9061/USA/early/jeff.html

This set of links provides easy access to Jefferson’s writings on the World Wide Web.

· Jefferson's Blood

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/

The companion site to the PBS Frontline program covering the controversy regarding Thomas Jefferson and his relationship with Sally Hemings, his slave, contains clips from the television show, as well as scientific and historical evidence surrounding the story.

· Monticello

http://www.monticello.org/house/index.html

This site provides information about Jefferson’s home and the people who worked on his plantation.

· Thomas Jefferson

http://www.pbs.org/jefferson/

This Website, a supplement to the Public Broadcasting Service series on Jefferson, contains transcripts of interviews with scholars evaluating Jefferson’s life and ideas as well as lesson plans designed to help students analyze Enlightenment ideas in the classroom.

· Thomas Jefferson: A Guide to Resources on the WWW

http://members.aol.com/_ht_a/historiography/tj.html

Links to biographical resources, writings, time lines, and interpretations by historians available on the World Wide Web.

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George Washington

· George Washington and Mount Vernon

http://www.mountvernon.org/education/

This site contains an online tour of Mount Vernon, a lesson plan about George Washington’s life, and a online exhibit about George Washington and slavery.

· George Washington and Slavery

http://www.virginia.edu/gwpapers/articles/slavery/index.html

A leading authority on George Washington examines his place in the controversy over slavery.

· The George Washington Papers

This site, created by the Library of Congress, includes a Time Line, Essays drawing on George Washington Papers, and an on-line presentation about George Washington: Surveyor and Mapmaker.

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THE EARLY REPUBLIC: THE UNITED STATES DURING THE 1790s

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· Religion and the Founding of the American Republic

http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/overview.html

This Library of Congress exhibit includes: Religion and the Congress of the Confederation, which examines the policies of America’s first national government toward religion; Religion and the State Governments, which illuminates the policies of the revolutionary state governments toward religion, ranging from disestablishment in Virginia to multiple establishments in New England states; Religion and the Federal Government, which focuses on the status of religion in the new federal government; and Republican Religion which traces the fortunes of religion

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JEFFERSONIAN AMERICA, 1800-1815

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· “The Presidential Election of 1800”

http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/policamp/parton.htm

A July 1873 article from The Atlantic by historian James Parton.

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JACKSONIAN AMERICA, 1828-1840

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· Alexis de Tocqueville

http://www.tocqueville.org/

This C-Span site contains extensive information about Tocqueville's visit to the United States and his observations about democracy.

· Daniel Webster

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dwebster/index.html

Documents, speeches, and images from the Massachusetts Senator’s alma mater, Dartmouth College.

· Divining America: Religion and the National Culture

http://www.nhc.rtp.nc.us:8080/tserve/siteguide.htm

This site includes essays by leading religious historians on American Jewish Experience - 19th C.; Mormonism and the American Mainstream; Evangelicalism/Second Great Awakening; Evangelicalism as a Social Movement; African-American Religion; and Roman Catholics and Immigration.

· Readings on Jacksonian America

http://216.202.17.223/essays/Readings.htm

Primary sources on religion, transportation, communication, education, slavery and antislavery, manners, violence, and many other topics.

· Timeline on the Jacksonian Era

http://216.202.17.223/yr/index.html

A detailed timeline connected to primary source documents dealing with the Jacksonian Era.

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NATIVE AMERICANS, REMOVAL, AND RESISTANCE

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· The Seminole Tribe of Florida

http://www.seminoletribe.com/history/index.shtml

The Seminole Indians of Florida present their own history, including the story of Seminole resistance to the removal policy.

· The Trail of Tears
http://www.ngeorgia.com/history/nghisttt.html
This site identifies the key people, terms, events, and consequences of the removal of the Cherokees from Western Georgia.

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SLAVERY

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· A collection of primary source documents dealing with slave labor, religious and family life under slavery, and resistance.

"We Raise de Wheat, Dey Gib Us de Corn": Conditions of Life

10. Solomon Northrup describes the working conditions of slaves on a Louisiana cotton plantation (1853)

11. Charles Ball compares working conditions on tobacco and cotton plantations (1858)

12. Josiah Henson describes slave housing, diet, and clothing (1877)

13. Francis Henderson describes living conditions under slavery (1856)

14. Jacob Stroyer recalls the material conditions of slave life (1898)

15. James Martin remembers a slave auction (1937)

"Like a Motherless Child": Childhood

16. Jacob Stroyer recalls the formative experiences of his childhood (1898)

17. James W.C. Pennington analyzes the impact of slavery upon childhood (1849)

18. Lunsford Lane describes the moment when he first recognized the meaning of slavery (1842)

"Nobody Knows de Trouble I See": Family

19. Laura Spicer learns that her husband, who had been sold away, has taken another wife (1869)

20. An overseer attempts to rape Josiah Henson's mother (1877)

21. Lewis Clarke discusses the impact of slavery on family life (1846)

"Go Home to My Lord and Be Free": Religion

22. Olaudah Equiano describes West African religious beliefs and practices (1789)

23. Charles Ball remembers a slave funeral, which incorporated traditional African customs (1837)

24. Peter Randolph describes the religious gathers slaves held outside of their master's supervision (1893)

25. Henry Bibb discusses "conjuration" (1849)

"Oppressed So Hard They Could Not Stand": Punishment

26. Frederick Douglass describes the circumstances that prompted masters to whip slaves (1845)

27. John Brown has bells and horns fastened on his head (1855)

28. William Wells Brown is tied up in a smokehouse (1847)

29. Moses Roper is punished for attempting to run away (1837)

30. Lewis Clarke describes the implements his mistress used to beat him (1846)

"My Lord Says He's Gwineter Rain Down Fire": Resistance

31. Frederick Douglass resists a slave breaker (1845)

32. Nat Turner describes his revolt against slavery (1831)

"Follow the Drinkin' Gourd": Flight

33. Margaret Ward follows the North Star to freedom (1879)

34. Frederick Douglass borrows a sailor's papers to escape slavery (1855, 1895)

35. Harriet Tubman sneaks into the South to free slaves (1863, 1865)

36. Henry "Box" Brown escapes slavery in a sealed box (1872)

37. Margaret Garner kills her daughter rather than see her returned to slavery (1876)

"The Walls Came Tumblin' Down": Emancipation

38. Private Thomas Long assesses the meaning of black military service during the Civil War (1870)

39. Corporal Jackson Cherry appeals for equal opportunity for former slaves (1865)

40. Jourdan Anderson declines his former master's invitation to return to his plantation (1865)

41. Major General Rufus Saxon assesses the freedmen's aspirations (1866)

42. Colonel Samuel Thomas describes the attitudes of ex-Confederates toward the freedmen (1865)

43. Francis L. Cardozo asks for land for the freedmen (1868)

44. The Rev. Elias Hill is attacked by the Ku Klux Klan (1872)

45. Henry Blake describes sharecropping (1937)

46. Frederick Douglass assesses the condition of the freedmen in 1880

· African American Religion in the Nineteenth Century

http://www.nhc.rtp.nc.us:8080/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/nafrican.htm

Laurie Maffly-Kipp, a professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina examines the fusion of African and Christian religious beliefs and practices.

· African American Women

http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/collections/african-american-women.html

The slave letters from the Duke University Library’s Special Collections provide a rare firsthand glimpse into the lives of slaves and the relationships they had with their owners.

· Africans in America: Judgement Day
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/title.html
This site, a supplement to the PBS series, covers the years 1831-1865, and provides primary source documents and commentary from leading historians dealing with such topics as the the material conditions of slave life, the impact of slavery on the family, abolition, the Fugitive Slave Law, Bleeding Kansas, John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry, and wartime emancipation.

· Exploring Amistad
http://amistad.mysticseaport.org/main/welcome.html

This site contains over 500 primary documents including court documents, journal entries, and newspaper stories dealing with the Amistad Affair, which began as a shipboard revolt off the coast of Cuba and resulted in a protracted legal battle over slavery and the slave trade.

· An Introduction to the Slave Narrative

http://metalab.unc.edu/docsouth/neh/specialneh.html

An interpretation of the slave narratives by William L. Andrews, a leading authority on the subject.

· North American Slave Narratives

http://metalab.unc.edu/docsouth/neh/neh.html

This site include all the narratives of fugitive and former slaves published in broadsides, pamphlets, or book form in English up to 1920 and many of the biographies of fugitive and former slaves published in English before 1920.

· Third Person, First Person: Slave Voices
http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/slavery/
This site uses documents from the Duke University Library’s special collections to document the slave trade, slave labor, the impact of the Revolution on slavery, the nature of life in the slave community, and slavery’s collapse.

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Bibliography

· The Roots of Slavery: A Bibliographical Essay

http://www.stratfordhall.org/schwarz.htm

An up-to-date review of the literature of American slavery.

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Encyclopedia

· Spartacus Internet Encyclopedia

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/slavery.htm

First person accounts, essays on the slave system, slave life, key events, and biographies of abolitionists.

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Fugitive Slaves

· Forgotten Heroes of Freedom

http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/99nov/9911runaway.htm

Despite formidable odds, many enslaved African American ran away from slavery. Leon Litwack, the Morrison Professor of American History at the University of California at Berkeley, assesses the frequency of flight from slavery, the forms that this took, and the motives that precipitated flight.

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The Law of Slavery

· Slavery and the Law

http://www.globaldialog.com/~mhbooks/books/slavery_law_intro.html

Paul Finkelman, a leading legal authority on slavery, looks at how lawyers and jurists were able to reconcile slavery with the nation’s commitment to liberty and equality.

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A Model Class Website

· Slavery in the Western Hemisphere

http://cghs.dade.k12.fl.us/slavery/index.htm

An impressive “multimedia textbook” created by a high school advanced placement class that covers such topics as resistance, antislavery, interpretations of slavery, supplemented with primary sources.

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Resistance

· Denmark Vesey

http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/1861jun/higgin.htm

An 1861 account of Denmark Vesey’s attempted insurrection by Thomas Wentworth Higginson, published in The Atlantic. Also see “Denmark Vesey: Forgotten Hero,” http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/vesey.htm.

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Underground Railroad

· Taking the Train to Freedom

http://www.nps.gov/undergroundrr/contents.htm

This National Park Service site provides a general overview of the Underground Railroad, with a brief discussion of slavery and abolitionism, escape routes used by slaves.

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PRE-CIVIL WAR REFORM

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Antislavery

· Abolition

http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam005.html

This Library of Congress exhibit includes antislavery petitions, songs, children’s magazines, and other original sources documenting the struggle to abolish slavery.

· American Visionaries: Frederick Douglass

http://www.cr.nps.gov/csd/exhibits/douglass/overview.htm

An online exhibit created by the National Park Service featuring documents and artifacts at the Frederick Douglass National Historic Site in Washington, D.C.

· The Colonization Movement

http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam002.html

This Library of Congress online exhibit includes primary sources that document the history of the movement to transport free blacks to Africa.

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Women’s Rights

· The American Woman of the Early 19^th Century

http://www.indianapolis.in.us/cp/womrole.html

This site describes the shifting roles and perceptions of women in the decades before the Civil War.

· History of Woman’s Suffrage

http://www.rochester.edu/SBA/historysba.htm

This site provides information about the first women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848, as well as women’s struggle for the vote.

· Women and the Law in 19^th Century Indiana

http://www.indianapolis.in.us/cp/wlaw.html

This site examines women’s legal rights in the areas as divorce, abortion, and crime.

· Worcester Women’s History Project

http://www.assumption.edu/HTML/academic/history/WWHP/hr.html

Speeches, letters, and other primary source documents relating to the first national women’s rights convention in Worcester, Mass., in 1850.

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IMMIGRATION

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The Irish Potato Famine

· The Great Irish Famine Curriculum

http://www.nde.state.ne.us/SS/irish/irish_pf.html

A high school curriculum, including activities, on the Irish famine.

· History of the Irish Famine

http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Congress/2807/index.html

A historical overview of Irish famine, supplemented with a bibliography.

· History of Irish Potato Famine

http://www.toad.net/~sticker/nosurrender/History.html

This site contains primary sources documenting the history of the famine combined with stories, songs, and assessment of conflicting historical interpretations.

· Interpreting the Irish Famine

http://www.people.virginia.edu/~eas5e/Irish/Famine.html

This site includes photographs and reporting and commentaries by Irish, English, and American observers.

· Strokestown Park House and The Irish Famine Museum

http://www.strokestownpark.ie/intro.html

The famine museum uses a combination of original documents and images from the Strokestown collection to explain the circumstances of the Irish Famine.

· Views of the Famine

http://vassun.vassar.edu/~sttaylor/FAMINE/

This site contains contemporary newspaper illustrations and articles about the Irish famine of 1845-1851 and includes early 100 engravings from the Illustrated London News, the Pictorial Times, and Punch.

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LIFE IN PRE-CIVIL WAR AMERICA

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· Conner Prairie

http://www.connerprairie.org/histon.html

Documents and articles on diverse life in Indiana and the United States before the Civil War, including women’s lives, clothing medicine and disease, food, transportation, and religion. Conner Prairie is a living history museum in Fishers, Indiana.

· Old Sturbridge Village

http://www.osv.org/education/resources.htm

This site provide information about everyday life in New England during the early 19^th century. Old Sturbridge Visitor articles is a searchable archive of articles from the Village's quarterly magazine. Mills and Waterpower provides animations and narrations to help explain how waterpower works. Children Everywhere explores the lives of children during the early 19th century. In Ask Jack, Old Sturbridge Village historian Jack Larkin answers questions aboout America's past. Tour of the Village offers an online tour of the Village complete with pictures, sounds, and panoramic views.

· The University of Pennsylvania in 1830

http://www.archives.upenn.edu/1830/

A virtual tour of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia in 1830.

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WESTWARD EXPANSION

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· A Collection of Annotated Primary Source Materials on the Southwestern Borderlands During the Nineteenth Century

http://www.hfac.uh.edu/gl/mav2.htm

· The Donner Party

http://members.aol.com/danmrosen/donner/index.htm

A daily log of the Donner Party's journey, including diary entries for each day, and quotes from original sources and histories.

· The End of the Oregon Trail
http://www.endoftheoregontrail.org/index.html
This site contains a primer on the history of the Oregon trail; an Oregon Trail chronology, a

Timeline of black history in Oregon and the Pacific Northwest; a discussion of Slavery in the Oregon Country and an explanation of the exclusion laws ; and biographical sketches of black pioneers and settlers in the Northwest

· The Gold Rush in San Francisco
http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/index0.1.html#gold
Links to documents, images, chronologies, and articles related to the California Gold Rush created by the Museum of the City of San Francisco.

· Images of the West
http://gowest.coalliance.org/

This site contains a selection of 65,000, historic photographs from the collections of the Denver Public Library Western History/Genealogy Department and the Colorado Historical Society, including images Native Americans, pioneers, early railroads, mining, Denver and Colorado towns. Notable collections depict Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, the Clarence Moreledge photographs at Wounded Knee, and the Charles S. Lillybridge collection which depicts daily life in Denver around the turn of the century. Click here to see a list of photographers and subjects.

· Lewis and Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery

http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/

The companion site to the PBS series contains a time line, journals from the expedition, historians reflections on the expedition, information on the Indian peoples that the expedition encountered, and lesson plans and activities.

· Mountain Men and the Fur Trade
http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/amm.html
An on-line Research Center devoted to the history, traditions, tools, and mode of living, of the trappers, explorers, and traders, it contains diaries, letters, narratives, business records, maps, images, and art works relating to the Mountain Men during the years 1800-1850.

· New Perspectives on the West
http://www3.pbs.org/weta/thewest/

Companion site to the television documentary, The West. This site includes: Events in THE WEST, an interactive timeline tracing events from pre-Columbian times to the early twentieth century; Places inTHE WEST, an interactive map covering the territory and the times; People in
THE WEST, an interactive biographical dictionary of historical figures; and Archives of
THE WEST, documentary materials including memoirs, journals, letters, photos and transcripts

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PRELUDE TO CIVIL WAR

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· Bleeding Kansas

http://www.ukans.edu/carrie/kancoll/galbks.htm

Books, diaries, autobiographies, and letters documenting the struggle over slavery in territorial Kansas.

· John Brown’s Holy War

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/brown/index.html

The companion site to PBS’s American Experience broadcast contains a timeline, maps, glossary, and historical overviews on a variety of topics related to John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry.

· 19^th Century Documents
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/19th.htm
The full text of the Fugitive Slave Act, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and other important antebellum political documents.

· Uncle Tom’s Cabin and American Culture
http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/utc/

Texts, images, songs, 3-D objects, and film clips relating to Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

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ABRAHAM LINCOLN

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· Abraham Lincoln Online

http://www.netins.net/showcase/creative/lincoln.html

The 16^th President’s speeches, writings, and images.

· The Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/alrintr.html

This Library of Congress site provides a variety of visual images to document the assassination of the nation’s 16^th President.

· Mr. Lincoln’s White House

http://mrlincolnswhitehouse.org

This site profiles six family members, 16 Cabinet officers and Vice Presidents, 21 Generals, 17 members of Congress, 18 staff members, and over two dozen other visitors.

· Racial Satire and the Civil War: Case Study--Abraham Lincoln

http://xroads.virginia.edu/~cap/scartoons/cartoons.html

This site traces the development of racial caricature in American political cartoons during the mid-19^th century.

· Rhetoric of Freedom

http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/freedom.htm

Articles from The Atlantic magazine from the 1860s onward dealing with Lincoln’s public speeches.

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CIVIL WAR

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· Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War

http://www.inform.umd.edu/ARHU/Depts/History/Freedman/chronol.htm

A chronology listing important events in the history of emancipation during the Civil War.

· Civil War Knowledge Bank

http://www.bergen.org/civilwar/index2.html

Lesson plans and resources that allow teachers and students to study: Economic Differences Between The North and South; Sectionalism and Literature; Socioeconomic to Political Differences; Sectionalism Resulting in a Breakdown of Law and Order; Significance of the Election of 1860; Lincoln's Decision to Go to War; The Trial of Robert E. Lee; and Changing Confederate Attitudes, From the Female Perspective.

· The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System

http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/index.html

This is a computerized database containing very basic facts about servicemen who served on both sides during the Civil War; a list of regiments in both the Union and Confederate Armies; identifications and descriptions of 384 significant battles of the war;

· Civil War Women

http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/collections/civil-war-women.html

The Duke University Library has made Civil War era diaries available online, which bring women’s wartime experience to life.

· The Fight For Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War

http://www.nara.gov/education/teaching/usct/home.html

This National Archives site uses original documents to describe the struggles of black soldiers to defeat slavery and to win equal rights within the Union Army.

· Letters from the Front
http://www.unc.edu/lib/mssinv/exhibits/civilwar/
Letters from soldiers on both sides of the Civil War describe specific battles.

· Poetry and Music of the War Between the States
http://users.erols.com/kfraser/
A collection of songs and poems from supporters of the Union and the Confederacy.

· Selected Civil War Photographs

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/cwphome.html

This collection of over a thousand photographs from the Library of Congress includes military personnel, preparations for battle, battle after-effects, portraits of both Confederate and Union officers, politicians, cultural figures, and a selection of enlisted men.

· The Southern Homefront, 1861-1865

http://metalab.unc.edu/docsouth/imls/index.html

A collection of official documents, private correspondence, and pamphlets that focuses on Confederate life behind the battlelines.

· Time Line of the Civil War

http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/

An interactive, illustrated time line of the major political, military, and social events that occurred during the Civil War.

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African Americans and the Civil War

· African Americans in the Civil War
http://www.coax.net/people/lwf/cw_news.htm
Newspaper articles from August 1862 to May 1865 that record the African American experience during the Civil War.

· "Toward Racial Equality: Harper's Weekly Reports on Black America,

1857-1874."

http://blackhistory.harpweek.com

Articles, illustrations, and cartoons from Harper’s Weekly dealing with slavery and emancipation from the late 1850s into Reconstruction.

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Historiography

· Richard Jensen: Civil War Historiography

http://members.aol.com/_ht_a/historiography/civilwar.htm

A succinct summary of the war’s causes; the two sides’ goals, strengths, weaknesses, and strategies; and the major battles.

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Lesson Plans

· Not Just a Man’s War: Women in the American Civil War, 1861-65

http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/activity/manswar/

Classroom activities, focusing on women’s experience during the Civil War, appropriate for students of a variety of ages and ability levels that draw upon resources available on the World Wide Web and upon primary source documents.

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RECONSTRUCTION

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· African American Migrations After the Civil War

http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam008.html

This Library of Congress exhibit describes African American migrations out of the South, focusing on the Kansas Exodusters, western homesteading, and migration to Chicago.

· African-American Perspectives
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aap/aaphome.html
A searchable collection of 300 pamphlets by African Americans mainly focusing on the period 1875 to 1900.

· The Emma Spaulding Bryant Letters
http://odyssey.lib.duke.edu/bryant/
This collection of letters from Emma Bryant to her husband John, who worked for the Freedmen’s Bureau during the summer of 1873, shed light on marital relationships during the mid-19^th century and on the problems of Reconstruction.

· Finding Precedent: The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/
This site features more than 200 excerpts from Harper’s Weekly’s coverage of Andrew Johnson’s impeachment trial, supplemented by political cartoons and biographies and portraits of 28 major figures from the trial. The site also contains explanatory material on: Reconstruction Policy: Radicalism versus Conservatism, Future Control of Congress, The Tenure of Office Act, Personal Considerations Affecting the Vote to Impeach, and the legal, political and Constitutional arguments, used in the impeachment trial.

· "Toward Racial Equality: Harper's Weekly Reports on Black America,

1857-1874."

http://blackhistory.harpweek.com/

Articles, illustrations, and cartoons from Harper’s Weekly dealing with slavery and emancipation from the late 1850s into Reconstruction.

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WESTWARD MOVEMENT

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Transcontinental Railroad

· Driving the Last Spike

http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/rail.html

A 1925 article on the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad plus links to other primary sources on its construction.

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Native Americans

· The Sand Creek Massacre Project

http://www.nps.gov/planning/sand/history.htm

This National Park Service site examines the events that took place Nov. 29, 1864, when approximately 700 volunteer soldiers attacked 500 Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians along Sand Creek in southeastern Colorado Territory.

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Western Lawmen and Gunfighters

· Kansas Heroes and Villains

http://www.ukans.edu/carrie/kancoll/galhero.htm

Biographical sketches of Kansas lawmen and gunfighters.

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THE MAKING OF MODERN AMERICA

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The Gilded Age

· The Gilded Page
http://www.wm.edu/~srnels/gilded.html

A collection of essays, novels, genres, and non-fiction writings widely read between 1866 and 1901.

· The Great Chicago Fire
http://www.chicagohs.org/fire/intro/gcf-index.html
Essays, documents, photographs and illustrations about the Great Chicago Fire and the way it transformed the city of Chicago created by the Chicago Historical Society.

· Mark Twain in His Times
http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/

An interpretive archive, drawn largely from the collections of the University of Virginia Library, focusing on how "Mark Twain" and his works were created and defined, marketed and performed, reviewed and appreciated. It contains texts, manuscripts, contemporary reviews and articles, images, and interactive exhibits.

· Women and Social Movements in the United States

http://womhist.binghamton.edu/projectmap.htm

Collections of documents and other instructional materials on: The Appeal of Female Moral Reform, 1835-1841; Lucretia Mott's Reform Networks, 1840-1860; Bible Communism and Women of the Oneida Community, 1848-1879; Women and the Freedmen's Aid Movement, 1863-1870; Minnesota Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 1878-1917; African-American Women and the Chicago World's Fair, 1893; Illinois Factory Inspection, 1893-1897; Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Woman Suffrage, 1900-1915; Local Branches of the American Association of University Women, 1900-1940; Workers and Allies in the New York City Shirtwaist Strike, 1909-1910; Women and the Lawrence Textile Strike, 1912; Women's Peace Mission to European Capitals, 1915; Impact of Margaret Sanger and Mary Ware Dennett on the Birth Control Movement, 1915-1924; Lobbying for Passage of the National Suffrage Amendment, 1917-1920; Middle-Class Women Provide Maternity Health Services for Immigrant Women, 1917-1920; National Woman's Party and the Enfranchisement of Black Women, 1919-1924; Women Suffragists and Partisan Politics, New York, 1920; Pacifism vs. Patriotism in Women's Organizations in the 1920s; Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and Right-Wing Attacks, 1923-1931.

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Late 19^th Century Labor

· The Dramas of Haymarket

http://www.chicagohistory.org/dramas/index.htm

· A Short History of American Labor

http://www.unionweb.org/history.htm

The American Federation of Labor’s account of the history of labor.

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THE UNITED STATES BECOMES A WORLD POWER

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· American Imperialism
http://www.boondocksnet.com/
An extensive site about American imperialism and anti-imperialism at the turn of the century that includes essays, political cartoons, maps, photographs, and primary source documents.

· The Philippine-American War

http://www.boondocksnet.com/centennial/

This site contains includes historical texts, essays, photographs, political cartoons, and other illustrations documenting the Philippine Revolution, the Spanish-American War and the Philippine-American War.

· Puerto Rico at the Dawn of the Modern Age: Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Perspectives

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/prhtml/prhome.html

This site portrays the early history of the commonwealth of Puerto Rico through first-person accounts, political writings, and histories drawn from the Library of Congress's collections. It highlights the land and its resources, relations with Spain, the competition among political parties, reform efforts, and recollections by veterans of the Spanish-American War. Most materials in this collection are in Spanish.

· The Spanish-American War Centennial Website

http://spanam.simplenet.com

The site contains Spanish American War Chronology, Action Reports and First Hand Accounts, information about the The US Navy and The Spanish Navy, Weapons Profiles, Personal Profiles, Unit Profiles, Rosters & Photos, information about War in Cuba, War in the Philippines, War in Puerto Rico, The War in Hawaii and Guam, Medicine in the War, The Home Front, Journalism and the War, and Music of the War.

· The White Man’s Burden and Its Critics

http://www.boondocksnet.com/kipling/index.html

Analyses of Rudyard Kipling’s essay.

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PROGRESSIVISM

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· The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire
This site contains oral histories, photographs, political cartoons, and other primary source materials dealing with1911 factory fire.

· On the Lower East Side
http://acad.smumn.edu/history/contents.html

This site contains a collection of articles, documentary sources, and study guides describing life on Manhattan’s Lower East Side.

· The South Texas Border, 1900-1920

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/txuhtml/runyhome.html

8,000 photographs documented the Lower Rio Grande Valley during the early 1900s.

· Theodore Roosevelt: His Life and Times on Film

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/trfhtml/

104 films spanning from the Spanish-American War in 1898 through Roosevelt’s death in 1919.

· Theodore Roosevelt: Icon of the American Century
http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/roosevelt/index.htm
This online exhibit includes images from the national Portrait Gallery and biographical commentary.

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Children and Child Labor

· Child Labor in America, 1908-1912: The Photographs of Lewis W. Hine

http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/index.html

The photographs include Hine’s original captions.

· The Orphan Trains of Kansas

http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/carrie/kancoll/articles/orphans/

Newspaper accounts, personal stories, official documents, images, a time line, and a narrative history describe the stories of the more than 5000 children placed in Kansas homes between 1867 and 1930.

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Conservation

· The Evolution of the Conservation Movement
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/conshome.html
A searchable database of sources related to the conservation movement from 1850 to 1920. Part of the Library of Congress American Memory collection, the site contains a timeline of major events and developments, as well as a searchable archive of books, pamphlets, state papers, illustrations, and photographs.

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The New Immigrants

· The INS: History, Genealogy, and Education

http://www.ins.usdoj.gov/graphics/aboutins/history/index.htm

This site contains instructions for historical and genealogical research using INS records. It will also be the future home of information and resources designed for the use of primary and secondary school teachers. Historical Research Tools, including legislative history, nationality interpretations, and information on family history research, Read or print an Overview of INS History, and browse other historical articles. Immigrant Arrival Records (about the records and research tools). See especially the catalog Ports of Entry & their Records. What immigration records were created when, and where, since 1892. Naturalization Records (what they are, about INS copies since 1906 ). Chinese Immigrant Files (Catalogs of holdings in Regional Archives and in Washington, DC). Kids, teachers, and parents will want to visit the Kids' Corner and Teacher Resources. This month in Immigration History takes a closer look at important or interesting events in immigration history.

· Ellis Island

http://www.historychannel.com/exhibits/ellisisle/reopen.html

An Ellis Island time line, and online exhibits on immigration.

· Ethnic Mosaic of the Quad Cities

NATIVE AMERICANS BEFORE 1492

· Cahokia Mounds State Historical Site

"Dere's No Hidin' Place Down Here": Arrival

The Salem Witch Scare

· Stratford Hall

This site contains succinct essays on Education for Boys and Girls, Music and Dance, Indentured Servants and Transported Convicts, Slavery, Medicine and Health, and Leisure Time and Games.

COLONIAL AMERICAN REFERENCE RESOURCES

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

· Colonial and Revolutionary War Songs

· Spy Letters from the American Revolution

American Revolution Reference Resources

· Documents from the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, 1774-1789

· Benjamin Franklin

· Jefferson's Blood

· The Seminole Tribe of Florida

"Nobody Knows de Trouble I See": Family

"Go Home to My Lord and Be Free": Religion

"Oppressed So Hard They Could Not Stand": Punishment

"My Lord Says He's Gwineter Rain Down Fire": Resistance

31. Frederick Douglass resists a slave breaker (1845)

"Follow the Drinkin' Gourd": Flight

"The Walls Came Tumblin' Down": Emancipation

· African American Religion in the Nineteenth Century

· African American Women

· An Introduction to the Slave Narrative

Bibliography

A Model Class Website

· Slavery in the Western Hemisphere

PRE-CIVIL WAR REFORM

Women’s Rights

IMMIGRATION

The Irish Potato Famine

LIFE IN PRE-CIVIL WAR AMERICA

· Conner Prairie

· Old Sturbridge Village

· Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War

· Civil War Knowledge Bank

· Civil War Women

· The Fight For Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War

· The Southern Homefront, 1861-1865

· African American Migrations After the Civil War

· The Dramas of Haymarket

· A Short History of American Labor

· The Philippine-American War

· The Spanish-American War Centennial Website

· The White Man’s Burden and Its Critics

· The Orphan Trains of Kansas

Conservation

· The INS: History, Genealogy, and Education