Vocabulary in Lessons 1-9

Try to remember the highlighted vocabulary! 

Article

ὁ, ἡ, τό = the

Nouns

ἄγγελος, ου, ὁ = angel, messenger

ἀδελφός, οῦ, ὁ = brother

ἀδικία, ας, ἡ = injustice, unrighteousness

ἀθλητής, οῦ, ὁ  = athlete   

Αἵδης, ου, ὁ = Hades, both the underworld and its god

Αἰνείας, ου, ὁ  = Aeneas (mythic Trojan hero said to have founded Rome)

ἁμαρτία, ας, ἡ = in ancient Greek error, crime; in koinê, sin

ἄμπελος, ου, ἡ = vine

ἀνάπαυλα, ης, ἡ  =  rest, pause

ἄνθρωπος, ου, ὁ  = man (human being:  ἡ ἄνθρωπος means the woman)

ἀοιδός, οῦ, ὁ = bard

ἀπορία, ας, ἡ = straits, lack of a solution

ἀπόστολος, ου, ὁ = apostle

ἄργυρος, ου, ὁ = silver

ἀρετή, ῆς, ἡ = excellence, virtue, courage

ἀρχή, ῆς, ἡ = beginning, rule

ἀσέβεια, ας, ἡ = unholiness

βία, ας, ἡ = act of violence, wrong

βίος, ου, ὁ  = life

βωμός, οῦ, ὁ = altar

γαλαθηνόν, οῦ, τό   = (adj. used as a noun) sucking animal  

γεωργός, οῦ, ὁ  = farmer

γῆ, γῆς, ἡ = earth

γνώμη, ης, ἡ = proverb, opinion

γωνία, ας, ἡ =  corner

δανειστής, οῦ, ὁ = money-lender

δένδρον, ου, τό = tree, plant

δημοκρατία, ας, ἡ  =  democracy

διάκονος, ου, ὁ = servant, deacon

διαφορά, ᾶς, ἡ = difference, dispute

διδάσκαλος, ου, ὁ  = teacher

δίκη, ης, ἡ = justice

δόξα, ης, ἡ = opinion, reputation, glory

δοῦλος, ου, ὁ  = slave

δῶρον, ου, τό  = gift

εὐαγγέλιον, ου, τό = gospel

εἰρήνη, ης, ἡ = peace

ἐκκλησία, ας, ἡ = assembly; (later) church

ἐλευθερία, ας, ἡ = freedom

ἐπιθυμία, ας, ἡ = desire

ἐπικαλούμενος, η, ον = "calling on" (a participle); ὁ ἐπικαλούμενος = "he who calls on"

ἐπιστολή, ῆς, ἡ = letter

ἔργον, ου, τό = work, deed

Ἑρμῆς, οῦ, ὁ = Hermes, a Greek god

Ἔρως, Ἔρωτος, ὁ  =  Love

εὐτέλεια, ας, ἡ = thrift, frugality

εὐχή, ῆς, ἡ = prayer

ἡδονή, ῆς, ἡ = pleasure

ἡμέρα, ας, ἡ = day

Ἡραῖον, ου, τό  = a temple of the goddess Hera

θάλασσα (Attic dialect θάλαττα), ης, ἡ = sea

θάνατος, ου, ὁ = death

θεά, ᾶς, ἡ = goddess

θέλημα, τος, τό = will (cf  ἐθέλω = to be willing, to wish)

θεός, οῦ, ὁ = god, God

θηρίον, ου, τό = wild animal, beast

θησαυρός, οῦ, ὁ = treasury

ἰατρός, οῦ, ὁ = doctor

ἱερόν, οῦ, τό = temple

Ἰησοῦς, οῦ, ὁ = Jesus.  A contracted noun, to be studied later.

ἵππος, ου, ὁ = horse

Ἰωάν(ν)ης = John

καρδία, ας, ἡ = heart

κεφαλή, ῆς, ἡ = head

κόσμος, ου, ὁ  = world

κοτύλη, ης, ἡ = cup

κραυγή, ῆς, ἡ = shouts, a shouting

κόρη, ης, ἡ = girl

κόσμος, ου, ὁ  = world

κύριος, ου, ὁ = master, Lord

λίθος, ου, ὁ = rock, stone

λόγος, ου, ὁ = story, reason; in Biblical Greek = word

λύπη, ης, ἡ = grief

μαθητής, οῦ, ὁ = student, disciple

Μίλων = Milon of Croton  

Μοῦσα, ης, ἡ = Muse, one of the nine goddesses who protected arts and sciences

ναύτης, ου, ὁ = sailor

νεανίας, ου, ὁ = young man

νόσος, ου, ἡ = disease

νότος, ου, ὁ = the back

ξένος, ου, ὁ = guest / host, stranger.  Cf. xenophobia

ξόανον, ου, τό = carved image

ὁδός, οῦ, ἡ = way, journey

οἰκία, ας, ἡ or οἶκος, ου, ὁ = house

οἶνος, ου, ὁ = wine

ὄναρ, ὄνατος, τό = dream

ὄνος, ου, ὁ = donkey

οὐρανός, οῦ, ὁ = sky, heaven  

ὄχλος, ου, ὁ =  crowd

παιδίον, ου, τό = child

παράδεισος, ου, ὁ = garden, paradise

πεδίον, ου, τό = plain, field

πέτρα, ας, ἡ = rock, crag

πηγή, ῆς, ἡ  = a spring, source 

πίστις, πίστεως, ἡ (3rd decl noun of a type not studied yet) = faith

πλατεῖα, ας, ἡ  = wide road, street

πλοῖον, ου, τό = ship

ποιητής, οῦ, ὁ = poet

πολίτης, ου, ὁ = citizen

πόλεμος, ου, ὁ = war

πόνος, ου, ὁ = toil, labor

ποταμός, οῦ, ὁ = river

πρόβατον, ου, τό = any four-footed animal; in the pl = cattle, especially a flock of sheep

προφήτης, ου, ὁ = prophet

σάββατον, ου, τό = the Sabbath

σιγή, ῆς, ἡ = silence

σιτίον, ου, τό = especially in the pl, food, provisions

σῖτος, , ου, ὁ = food

σκηνή, ῆς, ἡ = tent

σκιά, ᾶς, ἡ = shadow

Σόλων, Σόλωνος, ὁ = Solon, famous Athenian law-giver

στάδιον, ου, τό  = stadium and the standard length thereof, a stade (app. 607 ft)

σύμμαχος, ου, ὁ  = ally

συναγογή, ῆς, ἡ = gathering, place of meeting, synagogue

Σωκράτης, ους, ὁ (3rd declension) = Socrates

ταῦρος, ου, ὁ =  bull

τέκνον, ου, τό = child

τέχνη, ης, ἡ = art, skill, cunning device

τόλμα, ης, ἡ = courage, daring

τόπος, ου, ὁ = place

τύραννος, ου, ὁ = ruler, tyrant

τύχη, ης, ἡ = chance, fortune, destiny

ὕδωρ, τὸ  (neuter of the 3rd declension, not studied yet) = water

υἱός, οῦ, ὁ = son

ὕλη, ης, ἡ = forest, wood

ὕπνος, ου, ὁ = sleep

ὑποκριτής, οῦ, ὁ = actor, hypocrite

Φαρισαῖος, α, ον = Pharisee

φάρμακον, ου, τό = drug, remedy

φθόνος, ου, ὁ = envy, jealousy

φίλος, ου, ὁ  = friend

χαρά, ᾶς, ἡ = joy

χάρις, χάριτος, ἡ = grace

Χριστός, οῦ, ὁ = Christ

χρυσός, οῦ, ὁ = gold

χώρα, ας, ἡ = land, countryside

ψυχή, ῆς, ἡ   = the breath of life, spirit; later = soul

ὥρα, ας, ἡ  = season, hour

Verbs

ἀγαθοποιέω > ῶ, ἀγαθοποιήσω  = to do good, to do what is right and proper

ἀγγέλλω, ἀγγελέω > ῶ = to announce

ἄγω, ἄξω  = to lead; ἄγομαι = lead away for oneself, take for oneself

ἀγωνίζομαι, ἀγωνιοῦμαι  = to compete

αἰσθάνομαι = to perceive (through the senses).  Cf "aesthetic."

ἀκούω, ἀκούσομαι (koinê ἀκούσω) = to hear

ἀλλάσσω (Attic ἀλλάττω) = to change  (someone or something into something else); ἀλλάσσομαι (Attic ἀλλάττομαι) = to exchange something (acc) for something else (gen)

ἀμείβω, ἀμείψω =  to exchange one for one; ἀμείβομαι = to take turns

ἀποκαλύπτω, ἀποκαλύψω, ἀπεκάλυψα = reveal (cf καλύπτω = conceal)

ἀποκρίνομαι, ἀποκρινοῦμαι, ἀπεκρινάμην = to answer

ἀσπάζομαι, ἀσπάσομαι =  to welcome kindly, embrace

βαίνω = to go, walk; ἀναβαίνω = to walk up or upon, embark;  διαβαίνω = cross

βάλλω, βαλέω > ῶ  = to throw; κατα-βάλλω  = to throw down

βαπτίζω, βαπτίσω = to immerse, baptize

βλάπτω, βλάψω = to harm

βλέπω (ἐς, εἰς + acc) = to look; προσβλέπω  (+ acc ) = to look  at

βούλομαι, βουλήσομαι = to want.  Compare Latin volo, English "voluntary."

γεύω, γεύσω, ἔγευσα = to give someone a taste of something; γεύομαι = to taste

γί(γ)νομαι, γενήσομαι = to come to be, become, be born

γι(γ)νώσκω = to recognize, know

γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα = to draw, write; γράφομαι = to indict

γυμνάζω, γυμνάσω = to train (someone); γυμνάζομαι = to train (oneself), to exercise

δέχομαι, δέξομαι, ἐδεξάμην = to receive, welcome

διαφέρω = to carry over, to differ

διδάσκω, διδάξω, ἐδίδαξα = to teach.  The future and the first aorist are based on the present stem minus the σ.

διώκω, διώξω = to chase, pursue

δώσω  = future of δίδωμι.  The present system of this verb is not studied in this course.

ἐγκωμιάζω, ἐγκωμιάσω = to praise

ἐθέλω, ἐθηλήσω  = to wish, to be willing to

εἰσίν = they are

ἔξεστι(ν) (impersonal) = it is permitted, possible

ἐξῆν, imperfect of ἔξεστι(ν) = it was permitted, possible

ἐργάζομαι, ἐργάσομαι =  to work

ἔρχομαι, ἐλεύσομαι = to come or go

ἐρωτάω >ῶ, ἐρωτήσω, ἠρώτησα = to ask (a question)

ἔστησα = aorist of to make to stand, set up. The present ἵστημι belongs to another (more difficult!) conjugation and will not be included in this course.  The future and first aorist belong to the thematic conjugation that we are studying.

ἐστίν = (he, she, it) is

εὑρίσκω, εὑρήσω = to find, discover

εὐχαριστέω > ῶ  =  give thanks (+ dat complement)

εὔχομαι, εὔξομαι  = to pray; προσεύχομαι =   to address in prayer

ἔχω = to have

ζάω > ζῶ, ζήσω, ἔζησα = to live

ἥκω = this present should be translated as if it were a perfect, i.e. "to have come"

ἦν = he, she, it was (imperfect of ἐστίν)

θαυμάζω, θαυμάσω = to admire, wonder at

θεραπεύω, σω  = to heal, care for

θύω, θύσω = to offer sacrifice

ἱδρύω, ἱδρύσω = to establish

κακοποιέω > ῶ, κακοποιήσω  = to do harm, do what is wrong

καταβάλλω  = to throw down

καταγγέλλω, καταγγελῶ, κατήγγειλα (cf. ἀγγέλλω) = announce, proclaim

κελεύω, κελεύσω, ἐκέλευσα = to command, bid

κινδυνεύω, σω  =  to run a risk

κρίνω, κρινῶ, ἔκρινα = to judge

κωλύω, κωλύσω = to prevent

λέγω, λέξω  = to say, speak

λείβω, λείψω = to pour

λούω, λούσω = to wash

λύω, -σω  = to loosen

μανθάνω, μαθήσομαι  = to learn

μαρτυρέω, μαρτυρήσω = to bear witness, testify

μένω, μενέω > ῶ = wait, remain

νικάω, νικήσω = to win (a battle), defeat (an adversary)

νομίζω, νομιέω > ῶ = to consider, deem

οἰκτείρω, οἰκτειρέω > ῶ = to pity, have pity upon

οἴομαι, οἰήσομαι = to suppose, think, believe

ὀνομάζω, -σω, ὠνόμασα = to name

ὁρίζω, ὁρίσω = to separate from, delimit

παίζω  = to play

παίω, -σω  = to strike

πάρειμι (παρά + εἰμί) =  to be present

παρέχω, παρέξω = to provide

παύω, -σω = to stop (someone or something); παύομαι = to cease, come to a halt

πείθω, -σω  = to persuade;  πείθομαι  = to listen to, obey  (someone in the dative)

πέμπω, πέμψω = to send

πίνω = to drink

πιστεύω, πιστεύσω = to trust, believe in

πολιτεύω / πολιτεύομαι  = to act as a citizen, be a citizen

πορεύομαι, πορεύσομαι = to travel, go

προσβλέπω = to look at (+ acc)

προφέρω  = to bring forth (cf. φέρω)

προσεύχομαι = to address in prayer

ῥίπτω = to throw on the ground, cast out

σέβω, σέψω, later σέβομαι = to worship, be pious

σπουδάζω, σπουδάσομαι  = to be earnest, to pursue earnestly

σῴζω, σῴσω   = to save

τίνω = to honor

τρέπω, τρέψω = to turn (someone or something); τρέπομαι = to turn (intransitive, “turn oneself”)

τρέφω = to nourish

τρέχω = to run

ὑβρίζω, ὑβρίσω = to act with wanton violence, to outrage

φαίνω =  to show, make visible; φαίνομαι =  to appear

φέρω, οἴσω  = to carry, bring

φεύγω = to flee, shun

φοβέω, -ήσω  = to frighten, fear; φοβέομαι  = to fear

χορεύω, χορεύσω = to dance

φανερόω > ῶ = make visible, reveal

φυλάσσω (Attic φυλάττω)  = to guard, protect; φυλάσσομαι  = to defend oneself

ὠφηλέω, ὠφηλήσω  = to help

Pronouns

ἐγώ = I

σύ  = you (sg)

ἐκεῖνος,, η, ο = "that ...," he /.she / it

ἡμεῖς = we

ὑμεῖς = you (pl)

ἐκεῖνοι,  αι, α =  "those...," they (the plural nominative of ἐκεῖνος,, η, ο)

Pronouns or Adjectives

ἄλλος, η, ο  = another

ἐκεῖνος, η, ο  = that (pl those)

τίς = who? which?

τί= what?

Adjectives

ἀγαθός, ή, όν = good, brave

ἅγιος, α, ον =  holy

ἀνδρεῖος, α, ον = brave

γνωστός, ή, όν = knowable, known

δειλός, ή, όν =cowardly

δεινός, ή, όν = terrible / wondrous

δίκαιος, α, ον = just, righteous

ἐμός, ή, όν = my (possessive adjective)

ἐχθρός, ά, όν = inimical

ἡγιασμένος, η, ον = sanctified

θαυμαστός, ή, όν = admirable

καθαρός, ά, όν = pure

κακός, ή, όν = bad, cowardly, evil

καλός, ή, όν = fine, noble

κλητός, ή, όν = called, chosen

μακρός, ά, όν = large, great, long

μέγιστος, η, ον  =  very great, the greatest

μέσος, η, ον = middle

μικρός, ά, όν = small

νέος, α, ον = new, young

ὅλος, η, ον  =  all, entire. Cf  holistic

ὀρθός, ή, όν = straight, correct

πάντων  =  gen pl masc of πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν. The masculine and neuter stem is παντ-

πλούσιος, α, ον =  rich

ποῖος, α, ον = what sort of ...?

πόσος, η, ον = how great? (neuter = how much?); pl = how many?

πολύς, πολλή, πολύ = large, great / neuter = much; plural = many

πονηρός, ά, όν = wicked

σοφός, ή, όν = wise

φανερός, ά, όν = visible, revealed

Φαρισαῖος, α, ον = Pharisee

χαλεπός, ή, όν = harsh, difficult

χρήσιμος, η, ον = useful

χρηστός, ή, όν = beneficial, good

χρυσοῦς, ῆ, οῦν = golden.  This is a contracted adjective.  

Adverbs

ἀεί / αἰεί = always

δεῦρο = hereto, here (the old fashioned "hither")

ἔτι = still

καί may be an adverb = also, too

κακῶς = badly

καλῶς = well, nicely, nobly

μή  = no, not (used instead of οὐ with commands)     

μᾶλλον (comparative adverb) = more, rather

μόνον  = only

νῦν  = now

οἴκαδε = “home” in the sense of “homeward”

οὐ = no, not

οὐκέτι = no longer, not any more

πόθεν = wherefrom (the old fashioned "whence")?

ποῖ  = whereto (the old fashioned "whither")?
πολλάκις  = often

πότε  = when?
ποῦ  = where?
πρῶτον =  first

πῶς = how?
τότε = then, at that time

Prepositions (list 1-9)

With the accusative

ἀνά + acc = up along

διά + Acc  = on account of; διά τί = why?

ἐς, εἰς  + acc = to, toward, into  a place

κατά + acc = down (along a road, the river), denoting motion; according to, throughtout  

μετά + acc = after

πρός + acc = to, toward

ὑπό +  acc = moving toward the foot or base of (a tree, a mountain)

With the genitive

ἀπό + gen  = from, away from a place

διά + gen  = through, across; 

ἐκ + gen  = out of a place

ἐπί + gen = on, upon

κατά + gen = down from

μετά + gen = with

πρό + gen = in front of,  before

πρός + gen = from

ὑπό  + gen = by the personal agent of a passive verb

With the dative

ἐν +  dat = in or at a place

ὑπό +  dat = in or at the foot or base of (a tree, a mountain)

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Conjunctions

ἀλλά = but

διότι = because

εἰ = if; εἰ καί = even if

ἐπεί, ἐπειδή = when, since

ἤ  = or

καί = and

ὅτε = when

οὔτε ... οὔτε = neither... nor

πρίν + Infinitive  = before

ὡς = just as, as

Particles

ἆρα often introduces a question. It should not be translated.

γάρ  (postpositive) = for (causal)

δέ (postpositive) = "and" or "but," depending on the context.

δή (postpositive)  = indeed, certainly, in fact

καί...καί = both... and

μέν ... δέ = when used as a pair of correlatives, they may connect or contrast two elements. They may be translated literally as "on the one hand"..."on the other hand."  For μέν ... δέ  see Lesson 3

μέντοι (postpositive)  = nevertheless

οὖν = therefore

τε (postpositive)  =  and

τε ...  τε (both postpositive) = both... and