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Total vocabulary in Lessons 1-12: by parts of speech
Try to remember the highlighted vocabulary! Click on each part of speech to access its list: article nouns verbs pronouns adjectives adverbs prepositions conjunctions particles
Article ὁ, ἡ, τό = the
ἄγαλμα, ἀγάλματος, τό = statue, image (especially of a god) ἄγγελος, ου, ὁ = angel, messenger ἄγνοια, ας, ἡ = ignorance ἀδελφός, οῦ, ὁ = brother ἀδικία, ας, ἡ = injustice, unrighteousness ἀθλητής, οῦ, ὁ = athlete Αἵδης, ου, ὁ = Hades, both the underworld and its god Αἰνείας, ου, ὁ = Aeneas (mythic Trojan hero said to have founded Rome) αἴνιγμα, αἰνίγματος, τό = riddle. Cf enigma αἰχμάλωτος, ου, ὁ = prisoner of war αἰών, αἰῶνος, ὁ = span of life, age, period, eternity ἅλς, ἁλός, ὁ = salt; ἅλς, ἁλός, ἡ = the sea ἅμαξα, ης, ἡ = wagon ἁμαρτία, ας, ἡ = in ancient Greek error, crime; in koinê, sin ἄμπελος, ου, ἡ = vine ἀνάγκη, ης, ἡ = necessity, need ἀνάπαυλα, ης, ἡ = rest, pause ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός, ὁ = man ἄνθρωπος, ου, ὁ = man (human being: ἡ ἄνθρωπος means the woman) ἀοιδός, οῦ, ὁ = bard ἀπορία, ας, ἡ = straits, lack of a solution ἀπόστολος, ου, ὁ = apostle ἄργυρος, ου, ὁ = silver ἀρετή, ῆς, ἡ = excellence, virtue, courage ἀρχή, ῆς, ἡ = beginning, rule ἄρχων, ἄρχοντος, ὁ = ruler ἀσέβεια, ας, ἡ = unholiness βία, ας, ἡ = act of violence, wrong βίος, ου, ὁ = life βλέπω, βλέψω = to look βωμός, οῦ, ὁ = altar γαλαθηνόν, οῦ, τό = (adj. used as a noun) a suckling γένος, γένους, τό = descent, nation, “race” γέρων, γέροντος, ὁ = old man γεωργός, οῦ, ὁ = farmer γῆ, γῆς, ἡ = earth γίγας, γίγαντος, ὁ = giant γνώμη, ης, ἡ = proverb, opinion γραφή, ῆς, ἡ = writ, indictment γυνή, γυναικός, ἡ = woman, wife γωνία, ας, ἡ = corner δανειστής, οῦ, ὁ = money-lender δένδρον, ου, τό = tree, plant δαίμων, δαίμονος, ὁ = supernatural spirit (ancient Greek); demon (koinê) δημοκρατία, ας, ἡ = democracy δεσπότης, ου, ὁ = master διάκονος, ου, ὁ = servant, deacon διαφορά, ᾶς, ἡ = difference, dispute διδάσκαλος, ου, ὁ = teacher δίκη, ης, ἡ = justice δόξα, ης, ἡ = opinion, reputation, glory δοῦλος, ου, ὁ = slave δράκων, δράκοντος, ὁ = snake, dragon; Δράκων, Δράκοντος, ὁ = Draco, said to have established harsh laws in Athens. δῶρον, ου, τό = gift εἰρήνη, ης, ἡ = peace ἐκκλησία, ας, ἡ = assembly; (later) church ἐλπίς, -ίδος, ἡ = expectation (good, i. e. hope, or bad) ἐλευθερία, ας, ἡ = freedom ἐμπειρία, ας, ἡ = experience ἐπιθυμία, ας, ἡ = desire ἐπικαλούμενος, η, ον = "calling on" (a participle); ὁ ἐπικαλούμενος = "he who calls on" ἐπιστολή, ῆς, ἡ = letter ἔργον, ου, τό = work, deed Ἑρμῆς, οῦ, ὁ = Hermes, a Greek god Ἔρως, Ἔρωτος, ὁ = Love εὐαγγέλιον, ου, τό = gospel εὐτέλεια, ας, ἡ = thrift, frugality εὐχή, ῆς, ἡ = prayer ἡγεμών, ἡγεμόνος, ὁ = leader ἡδονή, ῆς, ἡ = pleasure ἡμέρα, ας, ἡ = day ἦπαρ, ἤπατος, τό = liver Ἡραῖον, ου, τό = a temple of the goddess Hera θάλασσα (Attic dialect θάλαττα), ης, ἡ = sea θάνατος, ου, ὁ = death θεά, ᾶς, ἡ = goddess θέλημα, τος, τό = will (cf ἐθέλω = to be willing, to wish) θεός, οῦ, ὁ = god, God θηρίον, ου, τό = wild animal, beast θησαυρός, οῦ, ὁ = treasury θόρυβος, ου, ὁ = tumult θυσία, ας, ἡ = sacrifice ἰατρός, οῦ, ὁ = doctor ἱερόν, οῦ, τό = temple Ἰησοῦς, οῦ, ὁ = Jesus. A contracted noun, to be studied later. Ἰορδάνης, ου, ὁ = the Jordan river ἵππος, ου, ὁ = horse Ἰωάν(ν)ης = John καρδία, ας, ἡ = heart κατήγορος, ου, ὁ = accuser, prosecutor κεφαλή, ῆς, ἡ = head κῆρυξ, κήρυκος, ὁ = herald κλίνη, ης, ἡ = couch, bed κλώψ, κλωπός, ὁ = thief κόραξ, κόρακος, ὁ = raven or crow κόρη, ης, ἡ = girl κόσμος, ου, ὁ = world κοτύλη, ης, ἡ = cup κραυγή, ῆς, ἡ = shouts, a shouting κύριος, ου, ὁ = master, Lord Κῦρος, ου, ὁ = Cyrus λαμπάς, λαμπάδος, ἡ = torch, lamp λέων, λέοντος, ὁ = lion λίθος, ου, ὁ = rock, stone λόγος, ου, ὁ = story, reason; in Biblical Greek = word λύπη, ης, ἡ = grief μαθητής, οῦ, ὁ = student, disciple Μίλων = Milon of Croton Μοῦσα, ης, ἡ = Muse, one of the nine goddesses who protected arts and sciences ναύτης, ου, ὁ = sailor νεανίας, ου, ὁ = young man νόμος, ου, ὁ = tradition, law νόσος, ου, ἡ = disease νότος, ου, ὁ = the back νοῦς, νοῦ, ὁ = mind, intellect νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ = night ξένος, ου, ὁ = guest / host, stranger. Cf. xenophobia Ξενοφῶν, -ῶντος, ὁ = Xenophon, 4th century BCE historian. ξόανον, ου, τό = carved image ὁδός, οῦ, ἡ = way, journey (exception in the 2nd declension: feminine) ὀδούς, ὀδόντος, ὁ = tooth οἰκία, ας, ἡ or οἶκος, ου, ὁ = house οἰκέτης, ου, ὁ = member of the household, including slaves; pl = women and children οἶνος, ου, ὁ = wine ὄναρ, ὄνατος, τό = dream ὄνομα, ὀνόματος, τό = name ὄνος, ου, ὁ = donkey ὄνυξ, ὄνυχος, ὁ = claw, nail ὅπλον, ου, τό = weapon ὀργή, ῆς, ἡ = wrath, anger ὄρνις, ὄρνιθος, ὁ, ἡ = bird ὅρκος, ου, ὁ = oath, pledge οὐρανός, οῦ, ὁ = sky, heaven ὄχλος, ου, ὁ = crowd παιδίον, ου, τό = child παῖς, παιδός, ὁ, ἡ = boy, girl παράδεισος, ου, ὁ = garden, paradise παροιμία, ας, ἡ = proverb πατήρ, πατρός, ὁ = father πατρίς, πατρίδος, ἡ = fatherland πεδίον, ου, τό = plain, field Περικλῆς, -έους, ὁ = Pericles. This name is (just as Σωκράτης, -τους) a contracted noun of the 3rd declension, of a type that we have not studied yet. Note acc Περικλέα, voc Περίκλεις. Πέρσης, ου, ὁ = a Persian πέτρα, ας, ἡ = rock, crag πηγή, ῆς, ἡ = a spring, source πίστις, πίστεως, ἡ (3rd decl noun of a type not studied yet) = faith πλατεῖα, ας, ἡ = wide road, street πλοῖον, ου, τό = ship πνεῦμα, πνεύματος, τό = breath, spirit ποιητής, οῦ, ὁ = poet ποιμήν, ποιμένος, ὁ = shepherd πόλις, πόλεως, ἡ = city-state. A vowel stem of the 3rd declension, of a type we have not studied yet. πολίτης, ου, ὁ = citizen πόλεμος, ου, ὁ = war πόνος, ου, ὁ = toil, labor ποταμός, οῦ, ὁ = river πούς, ποδός, ὁ = foot πρᾶγμα, πράγματος, τό = deed, thing, matter, affair πρόβατον, ου, τό = any four-footed animal; in the pl = cattle, especially a flock of sheep προφήτης, ου, ὁ = prophet ῥήτωρ, ῥήτορος, ὁ = orator, politician σάββατον, ου, τό = the Sabbath σάλπιγξ, σάλπιγγος, ἡ = trumpet σάρξ, σαρκός, τό = flesh, meat σῆμα, σήματος, τό = tomb, sign σιγή, ῆς, ἡ = silence σιτίον, ου, τό = especially in the pl, food, provisions σῖτος, ου, ὁ = food σκηνή, ῆς, ἡ = tent σκιά, ᾶς, ἡ = shadow Σόλων, Σόλωνος, ὁ = Solon, famous Athenian law-giver στάδιον, ου, τό = stadium and the standard length thereof, a stade (app. 607 ft) στρατιά, ᾶς, ἡ = army στρατιώτης, ου, ὁ = soldier σύμμαχος, ου, ὁ = ally συναγογή, ῆς, ἡ = gathering, place of meeting, synagogue Σωκράτης, ους, ὁ (3rd declension) = Socrates σῶμα, σώματος, τό = body σωτήρ, σωτῆρος, ὁ = savior ταῦρος, ου, ὁ = bull τεκμήριον, ου, τό = proof, witness τέκνον, ου, τό = child τελευτή, ῆς, ἡ = end τέλος, τέλους, τό = end, goal. A contracted noun of the 3rd declension, not studied yet. τέχνη, ης, ἡ = art, skill, cunning device τόλμα, ης, ἡ = courage, daring τόπος, ου, ὁ = place τύραννος, ου, ὁ = ruler, tyrant τύχη, ης, ἡ = chance, fortune, destiny ὕδωρ, τὸ (neuter of the 3rd declension, not studied yet) = water υἱός, οῦ, ὁ = son ὕλη, ης, ἡ = forest, wood ὕπνος, ου, ὁ = sleep ὑποκριτής, οῦ, ὁ = actor, hypocrite φάλαγξ, φάλαγγος, ἡ = battle-array, phalanx Φαρισαῖος, α, ον = Pharisee φάρμακον, ου, τό = drug, remedy φθόνος, ου, ὁ = envy, jealousy φίλος, ου, ὁ = friend φρήν, φρηνός, ἡ = diaphragm, mind φύλαξ, φύλακος, ὁ = herald χαρά, ᾶς, ἡ = joy χάρις, χάριτος, ἡ = grace, favor χειμών, χειμῶνος, ὁ = winter, storm Χριστός, οῦ, ὁ = Christ χρυσός, οῦ, ὁ = gold χώρα, ας, ἡ = land, countryside ψυχή, ῆς, ἡ = the breath of life, spirit; later = soul ὥρα, ας, ἡ = season, hour
ἀδικέω > ῶ, ἀδικήσω, ἠδίκησα = to do wrong, wrong (someone), commit a crime ἀγαθοποιέω > ῶ, ἀγαθοποιήσω = to do good, to do what is right and proper ἀγγέλλω, ἀγγελέω > ῶ, ἤγγειλα = to announce ἄγω, ἄξω = to lead; ἄγομαι = lead away for oneself, take for oneself ἀγωνίζομαι, ἀγωνιοῦμαι, ἠγωνισάμην = to compete ἀδικέω > ῶ, ἀδικήσω, ἠδίκησα = to do wrong, wrong (someone), commit a crime αἱρέω > ῶ, αἱρήσω = to take, conquer; αἱρέομαι > αἱροῦμαι = to choose αἰσθάνομαι, αἰσθήσομαι = to perceive (through the senses). Cf "aesthetic." ἀκούω, ἀκούσομαι (koinê ἀκούσω), ἤκουσα = to hear ἀλλάσσω (Attic ἀλλάττω), ἀλλάξω, ἤλλαξα = to change (someone or something into something else); ἀλλάσσομαι (Attic ἀλλάττομαι) = to exchange something (acc) for something else (gen) ἁμαρτάνω, ἁμαρτήσομαι = to act wrongly; in koinê Greek, to sin ἀμείβω, ἀμείψω, ἤμειψα = to exchange one for one; ἀμείβομαι = to take turns ἀμύνω, ἀμυνέω > ῶ, ἤμυνα = to ward off; ἀμύνομαι = to defend oneself ἀποκαλύπτω, ἀποκαλύψω, ἀπεκάλυψα = reveal (cf καλύπτω = conceal) ἀποκρίνομαι, ἀποκρινοῦμαι, ἀπεκρινάμην = to answer ἀποκτείνω, αποκτενέω > ῶ, ἀπέκετεινα = to kill ἄρχω, ἄρξω, ἦρξα = rule, govern (takes a complement in the Genitive) ἀσθενέω > ῶ = to be or grow weak, ill ἀσπάζομαι, ἀσπάσομαι = to welcome kindly, embrace βαίνω, βήσομαι = to go, walk; ἀναβαίνω = to walk up or upon, embark; διαβαίνω = cross βάλλω, βαλέω > ῶ = to throw; κατα-βάλλω = to throw down βαπτίζω, βαπτίσω = to immerse, baptize βλάπτω, βλάψω, ἔβλαψα = to harm βλέπω, βλέψω, ἔβλεψα (ἐς, εἰς + acc) = to look; προσβλέπω (+ acc ) = to look at βούλομαι, βουλήσομαι = to want. Compare Latin volo, English "voluntary." γεύω, γεύσω, ἔγευσα = to give someone a taste of something; γεύομαι = to taste γί(γ)νομαι, γενήσομαι = to become, come to be, be born γι(γ)νώσκω, γνώσομαι = to recognize, know γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα = to draw, write; γράφομαι = to indict γυμνάζω, γυμνάσω = to train (someone); γυμνάζομαι = to train (oneself), to exercise δεῖ = //it// is necessary. This is an impersonal verb that may take an infinitive or a noun clause as its subject. δέομαι = to need (+ gen). This verb only contracts ε + ε, η, ει, but the forms where it encounters ο, ω, ου remain uncontracted. δέχομαι, δέξομαι, ἐδεξάμην = to receive, welcome διαλέγομαι, διαλέξομαι, διελεξάμην = to discuss, converse διαφέρω = to carry over, to differ διαφθείρω, διαφθερῶ, διέφθειρα = to ruin, destroy διδάσκω, διδάξω, ἐδίδαξα = to teach. The future and the first aorist are based on the present stem minus the σ. διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα = to chase, pursue δουλεύω, -σω, ἐδούλευσα = to be enslaved to + Dat δώσω = future of δίδωμι. The present system of this verb is not studied in this course. ἐγείρω, ἐγερέω > ῶ, ἤγειρα = to awaken ἐγκωμιάζω, ἐγκωμιάσω = to praise ἐθέλω, ἐθηλήσω, ἠθήλησα = to wish, to be willing to εἰσίν = they are εἰσφέρω = bring in, introduce ἐλεέω >ῶ, ἐλεήσω = to pity, to have pity on ἐλευθερόω > ῶ, ἐλευθερώσω, ἠλευθέρωσα = to free, liberate (We are not studying this type of contract verb yet) ἐλπίζω, ἐλπιέω > ῶ, ἤλπισα = to expect (something good = to hope, or something bad) ἐμμένω, ἐμμενέω > ῶ, ἐνέμεινα = to abide by + Dative ἐξέρχομαι (ἐκ + ἔρχομαι) = come or go out of (+ gen) ἔξεστι(ν) (impersonal) = it is permitted, possible ἐξῆν, imperfect of ἔξεστι(ν) = it was permitted, possible ἐργάζομαι, ἐργάσομαι, εἰργασάμην = to work ἔρχομαι, ἐλεύσομαι = to come or go ἐρωτάω >ῶ, ἐρωτήσω, ἠρώτησα = to ask (a question) ἐσθίω, ἔδομαι = to eat ἔστησα = "I made to stand," set up. The present ἵστημι belongs to another (more difficult!) conjugation and will not be included in this course. The future and first aorist belong to the thematic conjugation that we are studying. ἐστίν = (he, she, it) is εὑρίσκω, εὑρήσω = to find, discover εὐχαριστέω > ῶ = give thanks (+ dat complement) εὔχομαι, εὔξομαι, ηὐξάμην / εὐξάμην = to pray; προσεύχομαι = to address in prayer ἔφη = he said; cf. φημί ἔχω, ἕξω = to have; ἔχω + adverb = to be (well, badly, etc.) ζάω > ζῶ, ζήσω, ἔζησα = to live ἡγέομαι > ἡγοῦμαι, ἡγήσομαι, ἡγησάμην = to lead the way, suppose, deem ἥκω = this present should be translated as if it were a perfect, i.e. "to have come" ἦν = he, she, it was (imperfect of ἐστίν) θαρσέω > ῶ, θαρσήσω = to take courage θαυμάζω, θαυμάσω, ἐθαύμασα = to admire, wonder at θεραπεύω, σω. ἐθεράπευσα = to heal, care for θρηνέω > ῶ, θρηνήσω = to wail, lament θύω, θύσω, ἔθυσα = to offer sacrifice ἱδρύω, ἱδρύσω = to establish κακοποιέω > ῶ, κακοποιήσω = to do harm, do what is wrong καταβαίνω = to walk, go down καταβάλλω = to throw down καταγγέλλω, καταγγελῶ, κατήγγειλα (cf. ἀγγέλλω) = announce, proclaim κελεύω, κελεύσω, ἐκέλευσα = to command, bid κινδυνεύω, σω = to run a risk κλέπτω, κλέψω, ἔκλεψα = to steal κολάζω, -σω, ἐκόλασα = to punish κομίζω, κομιέω > ῶ, ἐκόμισα = to bring to a place κρίνω, κρινῶ, ἔκρινα = to judge κωλύω, κωλύσω, ἐκώλυσα = to prevent λαμβάνω, λήψομαι, ἔλαβον = to take, receive λέγω, ἐρέω > ἐρῶ, εἶπον (Later, and therefore mostly in koinê, regular principal parts, λέγω, λέξω, ἔλεξα; were used; also the first asigmatic aorist εἶπα that developed from the stem of the second aorist) = to say, speak. Note this exception: εἶπον, against the rule that says that there is augment only in the indicative mood, retains its augment in the other moods, as well as in the infinitive and participle. The imperative has a special accent: εἰπέ. λείβω, λείψω = to pour λούω, λούσω, ἔλουσα = to wash λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα = to loosen μανθάνω, μαθήσομαι = to learn μαρτυρέω, μαρτυρήσω, ἐμαρτύρησα = to bear witness, testify μένω, μενέω > ῶ, ἔμεινα = wait, remain νικάω, νικήσω, ἐνίκησα = to win (a battle), defeat (an adversary) νομίζω, νομιέω > ῶ, ἐνόμισα = to consider, deem, “believe in the existence of” νοσέω > ῶ, νοσήσω = to be ill οἰκέω > ῶ, οἰκήσω, ᾤκησα = dwell in, inhabit (takes a D O) οἰκτείρω, οἰκτειρέω > ῶ, ᾤκτειρα = to pity, have pity upon οἴομαι, οἰήσομαι = to suppose, think, believe ὀνειδίζω, ὀνειδιέω > ῶ, ὠνείδισα = reproach, upbraid ὀνομάζω, -σω, ὠνόμασα = to name ὀργίζομαι, ὀργιοῦμαι = to get angry ὁρίζω, ὁρίσω = to separate from, delimit παίζω, παίξομαι, ἔπαισα / ἔπαιξα = to play παίω, -σω, ἔπαισα = to strike πάρειμι (παρά + εἰμί) = to be present παρέχω, παρέξω = to provide παύω, -σω, ἔπαυσα = to stop (someone or something); παύομαι = to cease, come to a halt πείθω, -σω, ἔπεισα = to persuade; πείθομαι = to listen to, obey (someone in the dative) πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα = to send πίνω = to drink πιστεύω, πιστεύσω, ἐπίστευσα = to trust, believe in πολιτεύω / πολιτεύομαι = to act as a citizen, be a citizen πονέω > πονῶ, πονήσω, ἐπόνησα = to toil πορεύω, -σω, ἐπόρευσα = to ferry; πορεύομαι, -σομαι = to go, march, travel προαγορεύω, -σω, προηγόρευσα = to advise beforehand προσβλέπω = to look at (+ acc) προσεύχομαι = to address in prayer, pray to προφέρω = to bring forth (cf. φέρω). ῥίπτω, ῥίψω, ἔῤῥιψα = to throw on the ground, cast out σέβω, σέψω, later σέβομαι = to worship, be pious σημαίνω, σημανῶ, ἐσήμηνα = to give a sign, to signal σπουδάζω, σπουδάσομαι = to be earnest, to pursue earnestly συναθροίζω, -σω, συνήθροισα = to gather together συνοικέω > ῶ (σύν + οἰκέω = to live together (as man an wife). It takes a complement in the dative. σῴζω, σῴσω, ἔσῳσα = to save τίνω, τίσω, ἔτισα = to honor τρέπω, τρέψω, ἔτρεψα = to turn (someone or something); τρέπομαι = to turn (intransitive, “turn oneself”) τρέφω, θρέψω, ἔθρεψα = to nourish τρέχω, δραμέομαι > δραμοῦμαι = to run ὑβρίζω, ὑβρίσω = to act with wanton violence, to outrage ὑποπτεύω -σω = to suspect φαίνω, φανῶ, ἔφηνα = to show, make visible; φαίνομαι = to appear φανερόω > ῶ, φανερώσω = make visible, reveal φέρω, οἴσω = to carry, bring φεύγω, φεύξομαι = to flee, shun φημί, φήσω, ἔφησα = to say. A type of verbs not studied in this course. Know the forms: φημί = I say; φησί= he says; ἔφην = I said; ἔφη = he said φοβέω, φοβήσω, ἐφόβησα = to frighten, fear; φοβέομαι = to fear φυλάσσω (Attic φυλάττω), ἐφύλαξα = to guard, protect; φυλάσσομαι = to defend oneself χορεύω, χορεύσω = to dance ψεύδομαι, ψεύσομαι, ἐψευσάμην = to lie ὠφηλέω, ὠφηλήσω = to help
ἐγώ = I σύ = you (sg) ἐκεῖνος,, η, ο = "that ...," he /.she / it ἡμεῖς = we ὑμεῖς = you (pl) ἐκεῖνοι, αι, α = "those...," they (the plural nominative of ἐκεῖνος,, η, ο)
Pronouns or Adjectives ἄλλος, η, ο = another. Declined as a Type 1 adjective, except for the neuter singular ending in ο rather than ον. Cf. ἐκεῖνος, η, ο. εἷς, μία, ἕν (gen ἑνός, μιᾶς, ἑνός ) = the number one. οὐδείς, οὐδεμία, οὐδέν = no one, nothing. Note that the masculine and the neuter belong to the 3rd declension, while the feminine belongs to the 1st declension. The general stem of masc and neuter is οὐδεν-, genitive οὐδενός. When used as adjective, the English equivalent is “no…” τί= what? τίς = who? which?
ἀγαθός, ή, όν = good, brave ἅγιος, α, ον = holy ἄδικος, ον = unjust ἀθάνατος, ον (compound adjective: two endings only) = immortal Ἀθηναῖος, α, ον = Athenian ἄκων, ἄκουσα, ἄκον (gen ἄκοντος, ἀκούσης, ἄκοντος) = unwilling (because it is used most often predicatively, it needs to be translated as “unwillingly”) ἀνδρεῖος, α, ον = brave ἀνάξιος, ον (compound adjective: two endings only) = unworthy ἀνόσιος, ον = unholy (compound adjective: two endings only) ἄξιος, α, ον = worthy, deserving (+ gen) βέβαιος, α, ον = steadfast, sure γενναῖος, α, ον = noble, (of an animal) thoroughbred γνωστός, ή, όν = knowable, known δαιμόνιος, α, ον = supernatural, divine; τὸ δαιμόνιον = Socrates’ “voice” δειλός, ή, όν =cowardly δεινός, ή, όν = terrible / wondrous δίκαιος, α, ον = just, righteous ἐμός, ή, όν = my (possessive adjective) ἔμφρων, ἔμφρον = in one’s right mind, sensible ἕτερος, α, ον = the other (of two); different εὐδαίμων, εὔδαιμον = fortunate ἐχθρός, ά, όν = inimical ἡγιασμένος, η, ον = sanctified θαυμαστός, ή, όν = admirable ἱκανός, ή, όν = sufficient καθαρός, ά, όν = pure καινός, ή, όν = new κακοδαίμων, κακόδαιμον = ill-fated, unhappy κακός, ή, όν = bad, cowardly, evil καλός, ή, όν = fine, noble κλητός, ή, όν = called, chosen κοινός, ή, όν = common κωφός, ή, όν = dumb, stupid μακάριος, α, ον = blissful, blessed μακρός, ά, όν = large, great, long μέγιστος, η, ον = very great, the greatest μέσος, η, ον = middle μικρός, ά, όν = small νέος, α, ον = new, young ὅλος, η, ον = all, entire. Cf holistic ὅμοιος, α, ον = equal ὀρθός, ή, όν = straight, correct πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν (παντός, πάσης, παντός) = every, all πλούσιος, α, ον = rich ποῖος, α, ον = what sort of ...? πονηρός, ά, όν = wicked πόσος, η, ον = how great? (neuter = how much?); pl = how many? πολύς, πολλή, πολύ = large, great / neuter = much; plural = many πρῶτος, η, ον = first σοφός, ή, όν = wise σώφρων, σῶφρον = of sound mind, prudent, moderate τρίτος, η, ον = third φανερός, ά, όν = visible, revealed Φαρισαῖος, α, ον = Pharisee χαλεπός, ή, όν = harsh, difficult χρήσιμος, η, ον = useful χρηστός, ή, όν = beneficial, good χρυσοῦς, ῆ, οῦν = golden. This is a contracted adjective.
ἀεί / αἰεί = always ἀληθῶς = truly αὔριον = tomorrow δεῦρο = hereto, here (the old fashioned "hither") δικαίως = justly ἔτι = still καί may be an adverb = also, too κακῶς = badly καλῶς = well, nicely, nobly μάλιστα = most, mostly μᾶλλον (comparative adverb) = more, rather μή = no, not (used instead of οὐ with commands) μόνον = only οἴκαδε = “home” in the sense of “homeward” οἴκοι = at home οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ = no, not οὐδέ = not even οὐκέτι = no longer, not any more ούποτε = never οὔτε ... οὔτε = neither ... nor οὕτως / οὕτω = thus, so πόθεν = wherefrom (the old fashioned "whence")?
ποῖ =
whereto (the old fashioned "whither")?
πότε =
when? πῶς = how?
With the accusative ἀνά + acc = up along διά + Acc = on account of ἐς, εἰς + acc = to, towards, into a place κατά + acc = down (a ro, ad, the river), denoting motion μετά + acc = after πρός + acc = to, toward ὑπό + acc = moving toward the foot or base of (a tree, a mountain)
With the genitive ἀντί + gen = opposite, instead of ἀπό + gen = from, away from a place διά + gen = through, across; ἐκ + gen = out of a place ἐπί + gen = on, upon κατά + gen = down from μετά + gen = with περί + gen = concerning πρό + gen = in front of, before πρός + gen = from ὑπέρ + gen = for the sake of ὑπό + gen = by the personal agent of a passive verb
With the dative ἐν + dat = in or at a place σύν + dative = with ὑπό + dat = in or at the foot or base of (a tree, a mountain)
ἀλλά = but διότι = because εἰ = if; εἰ καί = even if ἐπεί, ἐπειδή = when, since ἤ = or καί = and ὅτι = that (conjunction), because ὅτε = when οὔτε ... οὔτε = neither... nor πρίν + Infinitive = before ὡς, ὥσπερ= just as, as
ἆρα often introduces a question. It should not be translated. γάρ (postpositive) = for (causal) δέ (postpositive) = "and" or "but," depending on the context. δή (postpositive) = indeed, certainly, in fact καί...καί = both... and μέν ... δέ = when used as a pair of correlatives, they may connect or contrast two elements. They may be translated literally as "on the one hand"..."on the other hand." For μέν ... δέ see Lesson 3 μέντοι (postpositive) = nevertheless οὖν = therefore τε (always postpositive) = and τε ... τε (both postpositive) = both... and
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