A few tips on common usages of conjunctions and particles

ἀλλά “but”

• ἀλλά “well” introducing direct speech

ἄρα (not to be confused with ἆρα, which may introduce a question) = “of course,” “then” in an apodosis

γε “at least, at any rate”

γοῦν ”at any rate,” explaining in what sense a preceding statement ought to be taken

δή “indeed” used with imperatives, it is common after γάρ

• δήπου “I suppose,” “as you know”

ἤ

• ἤ τι ἢ οὐδέν little or nothing
• ἤτοι... ἤ emphasizing the first element

· καὶ δὴ καί = and in particular

καί “and, even, also”

• it introduces the second element of a comparison of equality, as in “the same as.”

• often used when a speaker introduces a supposed objection (either in his own name or in that of his opponent), and immediately answers it

• sometimes it has a corrective effect on what precedes, so it is equivalent to “or,” as in English “little or nothing.”
• καί...καί both... and (emphasizing the coordinated members)
• καίτοι and yet

• ἀλλὰ γάρ “but the fact is”
• ἀλλὰ μήν “and yet” (transitional)

μέντοι “however, and yet”

μήν, γε μήν, καὶ μήν “furthermore”

· οὐ μόνον... ἀλλὰ καί “not only...but also”

οὐδέ, μηδέ “and not, nor, not even, not either”

οὖν “ therefore”

οὔτε . . οὔτε, μήτε . . μήτε “neither... nor”

τε ”and”

• τε...καί both... and (emphasizing that the members form a whole)
• τε...τε both... and (implying two concurrent acts)

τοίνυν ”well then”