information /
ABBREVIATIONS
Codes:
[ ] around a clause = main clause
( ) around a clause = dependent clause, identified in italics above the text; (( )) around a clause = dependent clause embedded in another dependent clause
/ A single slash indicates an option for, e.g., the translation.
// A word or words enclosed in double slashes are implicit in the text, and are provided as explanation.
"quotation marks" In a translation, words between quotation marks usually represent a close and unidiomatic translation; an equal sign = then rephrases the expression in smoother English. Of course, these marks are also used to highlight direct speech, reported as spoken. I use this modern convention (against the traditional practice of capitalizing the first word of a direct quotation) even in Greek.
Obvious and less than obvious abbreviations used in the course pages:
< = came from
> = became
1st = first, usually
first person (I)
2nd = second, usually
second person (you)
3rd = third, may refer
to third person (he, she, it) or third declension
acc = accusative case
cl = clause
dat = dative case
dep cl = dependent
clause
DO = direct object
e.g = exempli gratia
(Latin), for example
gen = genitive case
i.e. = id est (Latin),
that is ...
ind qu = indirect
question
ind st = indirect
statement
IO = indirect object
nom = nominative case
pl = plural
PN = predicate
nominative (sometimes called complement) of a linking verb. The expression
"predicate adjective" used in English classrooms refers to the particular
predicate nominative consisting in an adjective. Predicate nominative applies
to all parts of speech.
prep phr =
prepositional phrase
S = subject
sg = singular
V = verb